Nation

Meskwaki (Fox)

Not yet reviewed by this nation. What follows comes from public records and research. It does not speak for the nation.

Region: Great Lakes

In the record

The United States made 17 treaties and agreements that name Meskwaki (Fox) as a party, from Treaty of St. Louis with the Sauk and Fox, 1804 to Sauk and Fox of the Mississippi at Washington, DC (1867).

C. C. Royce’s 1899 schedule records 22 cessions of land from Meskwaki (Fox): about 62 million acres by this atlas’s estimate, counting overlaps once. 10 of them came through treaties and agreements. The largest was Land of the Sauk and Fox in Illinois, Missouri and Wisconsin, ceded 1804 (area 50), about 16 million acres, ceded under Treaty of St. Louis with the Sauk and Fox, 1804.

The atlas records 1 broken treaty promise involving Meskwaki (Fox): Treaty of St. Louis 1804: cession signed by a delegation with no authority to sell.

Today, Sac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa carries this history, as their own pages or research records say.

Written from the records linked here; open any of them for its sources. This is what the United States’ treaty record says, not the nation’s own account.

Treaty or agreementTreaty under documented pressureRemoval treatyShapes from the 1899 federal record: approximate, not legal boundaries.

Names

Each name shows where it comes from. A nation’s own name is shown as the nation writes it.

Self-names

MeskwakiMeskwaki
MeskwâkiMeskwaki (with diacritic, OHS)

Names in treaties and records

Land recorded as ceded

Meskwaki (Fox) About 62 million acres recorded as ceded by the end of 1894

Treaty or agreement13 million
Treaty under documented pressure38 million
Removal treaty12 million

Estimate from Royce’s maps; overlapping cessions counted once. Not a survey or legal measure.

22 cessions. Follow Meskwaki (Fox) through the years on the map

Who is doing the work

This history belongs to living nations. Start with them:

Sac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa

Native legal and land defense, nationally

Native American Rights Fund (NARF) Native-led Litigation and legal advocacy for tribal sovereignty, treaty rights, land and resources Give on their site Website
NDN Collective (LANDBACK Campaign) Native-led LANDBACK campaign (launched 2020; Mount Rushmore closure and return of Black Hills public lands), Indigenous… Give on their site Website
Indian Land Tenure Foundation (ILTF) Native-led Land recovery and control by tribes and individual Indian landowners Website
Decolonizing Wealth Project (Indigenous Earth Fund; California Tribal Land Return) Native-led Reparative philanthropy Give on their site Website

Gifts go straight to each organization; this atlas takes nothing. Listing is not endorsement: how organizations are listed.

Connections

These links were matched automatically by name or date and have not yet been reviewed by a person.

Land recorded in this nation’s name 22, as named in the 1899 record

Show all 22

Party to 17

Show all 17

Named in 1

Treaty of St. Louis 1804: cession signed by a delegation with no authority to sell1804

Present-day governments that carry this history 1

Sac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa

Sources

meskwaki.org/history/unclassified
The Meskwaki were called “Renards” (the Fox) by the French but have always identified themselves as “Meskwaki.”
okhistory.org/publications/enc/entryunclassified
"Fox," or Meskwâki ("people of the red earth") misapplied by the U.S.

Research notes

NARA "Fox"; V005 gives "Meskwaki (Fox)".

Kind: Nation
Confidence: Medium
Nation review: Not yet reviewed by this nation

Correct this record