Chippewa (Red Lake and Pembina) at Washington, DC (1864)
In April 1864 the Red Lake and Pembina Chippewa assented to the Old Crossing treaty as the Senate had amended it.
- Signed
- April 12, 1864
- Senate
- Ratified
What happened
What happened
Signed in Washington on April 12, 1864, these articles supplement the treaty made at the Old Crossing of Red Lake River, Minnesota, on October 2, 1863. Commissioners Clark W. Thompson and Ashley C. Morrill signed for the United States. Red Lake and Pembina chiefs, headmen and warriors signed with marks.
Article 1 has the bands "agree and assent to the provisions" of the Old Crossing treaty as the Senate amended it by a resolution dated March 1, 1864.
Article 2 swaps the annuity set in the earlier treaty for annual payments, for as long as the President chose, of $10,000 to the Red Lake band and $5,000 to the Pembina band, distributed per capita. Article 3 adds yearly spending for fifteen years, $8,000 for the Red Lake band and $4,000 for the Pembina band, on goods, provisions and farming tools. Article 4 adds a blacksmith, physician, miller and farmer for fifteen years, and Article 5 a sawmill.
Article 6 changes how a $100,000 fund would be used: $25,000 to the chiefs for provisions and clothing, with the remaining $75,000 going first to claims of injured traders and steamboat owners, and the remainder toward the bands' debts since 1859. Article 7 provides scrip for mixed-bloods in place of land. It was proclaimed April 25, 1864.
Good to know. This document is the bands' assent to the Senate's changes; the land cession itself is in the 1863 Old Crossing treaty.
Summarized with AI assistance from 3 sources and checked against their words; not yet reviewed by historians or by the nations. Report an error
What the sources say, and how this was checked
Supported by the sources below; some details rest on one source.
agree and assent to the provisions of the said treaty, concluded at the Old Crossing of Red Lake River
Tribal Treaties Database (Oklahoma State University): Chippewa (Red Lake and Pembina) at Washington, DC (1864)the sum of ten thousand dollars, and to the Pembina band of Chippewas the sum of five thousand dollars
Tribal Treaties Database (Oklahoma State University): Chippewa (Red Lake and Pembina) at Washington, DC (1864)scrip shall be issued to such of said mixed-bloods as shall so elect
Tribal Treaties Database (Oklahoma State University): Chippewa (Red Lake and Pembina) at Washington, DC (1864)
Research notes. This account covers the signed terms only; the text does not say what happened afterward. The land cession itself is in the 1863 Old Crossing treaty; these articles only supplement it. The $100,000 figure is the sum of the $25,000 and $75,000 named in Article 6.
What happened next
Everything the record holds about this land and this treaty, in order: what earlier agreements said, what this one did, and what the United States, the courts and the nations did afterwards.
Who is doing the work today
The nations connected to this treaty come first, then groups returning land and defending treaty rights. Support goes directly to them.
Who is doing the work
This history belongs to living nations. Start with them:
- Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation, Wisconsin
- Bay Mills Indian Community
- Chippewa Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy's Reservation, Montana
- Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Michigan
- Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin
- Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
- Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Michigan
- Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa Indians of Montana
Working with these nations
- Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission (GLIFWC) Nation government Ojibwe treaty rights in ceded territories, natural resource stewardship, manoomin, and a Land Conservancy program… Give on their site Website
- Honor the Earth Native-led Pipeline resistance, sovereignty, energy justice Give on their site Website
- White Earth Land Recovery Project (WELRP) Native-led Recover the original White Earth reservation land base Give on their site Website
- Native Land Conservancy (Massachusetts) Native-led Native-led land conservation Give on their site Website
Native legal and land defense, nationally
- Native American Rights Fund (NARF) Native-led Litigation and legal advocacy for tribal sovereignty, treaty rights, land and resources Give on their site Website
- NDN Collective (LANDBACK Campaign) Native-led LANDBACK campaign (launched 2020; Mount Rushmore closure and return of Black Hills public lands), Indigenous… Give on their site Website
- Indian Land Tenure Foundation (ILTF) Native-led Land recovery and control by tribes and individual Indian landowners Website
- Decolonizing Wealth Project (Indigenous Earth Fund; California Tribal Land Return) Native-led Reparative philanthropy Give on their site Website
Gifts go straight to each organization; this atlas takes nothing. Listing is not endorsement: how organizations are listed.
Sources
Sources
- treaties.okstate.edu/treaties/treaty-with-the-chippewa-red-lake-and-pembina-bands-1864-086reference work
Treaty with the Chippewa - Red Lake and Pembina Bands, 1864 Apr. 12, 1864. | 13 Stat., 689.
Shapes are approximate and are not legal descriptions of land, title or jurisdiction.